Prepare the Sweet Potatoes. Peel the sweet potatoes and cut them into small chunks. Keeping the pieces even helps them cook uniformly.
Par-Cook the Potatoes. Bring a large pot of water to a boil. Add cubed sweet potatoes and cook for 8–10 minutes, or until just fork-tender but not falling apart. Drain gently to keep potatoes intact.
Make the Brown Sugar Glaze. In a bowl, whisk together melted butter, brown sugar, cinnamon, nutmeg, and vanilla. This creates a glossy, syrupy glaze that clings to the sweet potatoes.
Layer the Casserole. Grease a 9×13-inch baking dish. Add the sweet potatoes inside the dish. Pour the brown sugar glaze evenly over the top, tilting the dish slightly so the glaze coats everything.
Bake the Base. Bake at 350°F for 20 minutes, uncovered. This allows the glaze to thicken and coat the potato slices in a sticky, caramel-like layer.
Add Marshmallows. Remove the dish from the oven and sprinkle mini marshmallows across the entire surface. Bake for an additional 10–15 minutes until the marshmallows are melted and the tops are caramelized and golden brown.
Cool and Serve. Let the casserole rest for 10 minutes before serving so the glaze thickens and the marshmallows become gooey but stable.